The four main findings of the report are: (i) a disaster exposes the cumulative . Characteristic Human Responses to Hazards . It is intended for classroom use only. The cognomen Iustinianus, which he took later, is indicative of adoption by his uncle Justin. Consequently, now, human beings tend to intensify their activities into disaster-prone areas increasing their vulnerability to disasters. This preview shows page 1 - 5 out of 74 pages. Isobar - line on which pressure is constant Enhanced convection and evaporation body needs to burn more energy The sequential lessons and activities are the basis of classroom study, and integrated into the investigation sequence are the science literacy readings from the Student Reader. results in a steady state (climate/temperature) in the long run Moreover, natural-hazard phenomena in the Pacific region are focused to a considerable extent along the Pacific rim where energy and mineral resources and human activity related to resource development are concentrated. air Climatological hazards. Included in the Teacher Guide is a wealth of additional resources plus links to. Evaporation, 3. Natural hazards in Tamilnadu Introduction Natural disasters are consequences of a natural hazard like an earthquake, landslide, cyclone, flood, or tsunami which affects human activities. Convection- liquids and gases A-level Biology, AQA GCSE Geography Vertical Temperature Profile- below Troposphere- temp decreases 6 per kilometer During his reign, he founded Justiniana Prima not far from his birthplace. The only difference between these two is the combination, intensity and frequency of the controlling factors. Not always uniform. To download Natural Hazards and Disasters class 11 Notes, sample paper for class 11 Chemistry, Physics, Geography, History, Political Science, Geography, Geography, Geography, Home Science, Accountancy, Geography, and Home Science; do check myCBSEguide app or website. As shown in the Figure, areas vulnerable to these earthquakes are the North-east states, areas to the north of Darbhanga and Araria along the Indo-Nepal border in Bihar, Uttarakhand, Western Himachal Pradesh (around Dharamshala) and Kashmir Valley in the Himalayan region and the Kuchchh (Gujarat). Warm surface expands area of atmosphere; cold area contracts OCR A Level Geography, AQA A Level Geography Past Papers It has large population which have enhanced its vulnerability to natural disasters. . Natural Hazards (and the resulting disasters) are the result of naturally occurring processes that have operated throughout Earth's history. Mitigation 1. Baker, Howland, and Jarvis Islands: the narrow fringing reef surrounding the island poses a maritime hazard; Kingman Reef: wet or awash most of the time, maximum elevation of less than 2 m makes Kingman Reef a maritime hazard; Midway Islands, Johnston, and Palmyra Atolls: NA, seasonally high winds (the pampero is a chilly and occasional violent wind that blows north from the Argentine pampas), droughts, floods; because of the absence of mountains, which act as weather barriers, all locations are particularly vulnerable to rapid changes from weather fronts, earthquakes; floods; landslides or mudslides; avalanches; droughts, tropical cyclones (January to April); volcanic eruption on Aoba (Ambae) island began on 27 November 2005, volcanism also causes minor earthquakes; tsunamis, volcanism: significant volcanic activity with multiple eruptions in recent years; Yasur (361 m), one of the world's most active volcanoes, has experienced continuous activity in recent centuries; other historically active volcanoes include Aoba, Ambrym, Epi, Gaua, Kuwae, Lopevi, Suretamatai, and Traitor's Head, subject to floods, rockslides, mudslides; periodic droughts, occasional typhoons (May to January) with extensive flooding, especially in the Mekong River delta, several hurricanes in recent years; frequent and severe droughts and floods; occasional earthquakes, large areas subject to severe weather (tropical cyclones); natural disasters (earthquakes, landslides, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions), volcanism: volcanism is a fundamental driver and consequence of plate tectonics, the physical process reshaping the Earth's lithosphere; the world is home to more than 1,500 potentially active volcanoes, with over 500 of these having erupted in historical times; an estimated 500 million people live near these volcanoes; associated dangers include lava flows, lahars (mudflows), pyroclastic flows, ash clouds, ash fall, ballistic projectiles, gas emissions, landslides, earthquakes, and tsunamis; in the 1990s, the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, created a list of 16 Decade Volcanoes worthy of special study because of their great potential for destruction: Avachinsky-Koryaksky (Russia), Colima (Mexico), Etna (Italy), Galeras (Colombia), Mauna Loa (United States), Merapi (Indonesia), Nyiragongo (Democratic Republic of the Congo), Rainier (United States), Sakurajima (Japan), Santa Maria (Guatemala), Santorini (Greece), Taal (Philippines), Teide (Spain), Ulawun (Papua New Guinea), Unzen (Japan), Vesuvius (Italy); see second note under "Geography - note", volcanism: limited volcanic activity; Jebel at Tair (Jabal al-Tair, Jebel Teir, Jabal al-Tayr, Jazirat at-Tair) (244 m), which forms an island in the Red Sea, erupted in 2007 after awakening from dormancy; other historically active volcanoes include Harra of Arhab, Harras of Dhamar, Harra es-Sawad, and Jebel Zubair, although many of these have not erupted in over a century, periodic drought; tropical storms (November to April), recurring droughts; floods and severe storms are rare, Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da Cunha, United States Pacific Island Wildlife Refuges, Center for the Study of Intelligence (CSI). Used to minimize uncertainty; find the most likely scenario by 11. Delete comment. Thus, these are also called Shallow Water Waves. Atmosphere absorbs IR from the ground (terrestrial radiation) and reemits IR radiation Average return period = (1) / (Relative Frequency) Here, the chapter-wise guide is framed by the best teachers . (iii) Modifying the house types and building designs in the vulnerable areas and discouraging construction of high-rise buildings, large industrial establishments and big urban centres in such areas. rapidly Types of Droughts Meteorological Drought: It is a situation when there is a prolonged period of inadequate rainfall marked with mal-distribution of the same over time and space. Hence, combined efforts at the international levels are the possible ways of dealing with these disasters as has been in the case of the tsunami that occurred on 26th December 2004 in which more than 300,000 people lost their lives. A natural disaster is described as an unfavourable event caused by earth's natural processes that disrupts society's regular functioning. Ensemble - Collection of deterministic predictions with slightly different Over 2,500 courses & materials Freely sharing knowledge with leaners and educators around the world. N> what if we observe the energy balance from on top of the atmosphere? Socio-economic practices 10. Mitigation Properly (Make things more sustainable against natural hazards), How to Study the Earth/Impacts of Hazards. Spatio-temporal Distribution of Tropical Cyclone in India The tropical cyclones in India originate in Arabian sea in the westand Bay of Bengal in the east. Mitigation: It is beyond the capacity of individual state or government to mitigate the damage. Natural Disasters 13:35 . On the basis of severity of droughts, India can be divided into the following regions: Extreme Drought Affected Area:Most parts of Rajasthan, particularly areas to the west of the Aravali hills, i.e.. Marusthali and Kachchh regions of Gujarat fall in this category. Density (mass per unit volume ) also decreases with height if T is constant (p = Download CBSE class 11th revision notes for chapter 7 Natural Hazards and Disasters in PDF format for free. Kinetic energy of atoms / molecules is converted to electromagnetic Responsible for large scale weather patterns Probability = Relative frequency in many occurences Most of the rivers in the northern states like Punjab and Uttar Pradesh are also vulnerable to occasional floods. DISASTER MANAGEMENT Disasters due to cyclones, unlike the ones caused by earthquakes, tsunamis and volcanic eruptions are more predictable in terms of time and place of their occurrences. Ecological conditions. normalize data points required - problem with rare/extreme Natural hazards become natural disasters when people's lives and livelihoods are destroyed.Chattishgarh is vulnerable to cyclonic storm, Flood and Draught. Water molecules entering the atmosphere at RH< MITIGATION AND PREPAREDNESS. Quite a potent mechanism which removes heat from the body Consequence and Control of Floods Frequent inundation of agricultural land and human settlement, particularly in Assam, West Bengal, Bihar and Eastern Uttar Pradesh (flooding rivers), coastal areas of Orissa, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Gujarat (cyclone) and Punjab, Rajasthan, Northern Gujarat and Haryana (flash floods) have the following consequences: 1. Edexcel A Level Geography EARTH QUAKES. Every year it loses thousands of lives and property worth millions of rupees due to these natural calamities. 1. Acceptable risk is the amount that the individual is willing/able to assume document.getElementById("ak_js_1").setAttribute("value",(new Date()).getTime()); CBSE Guide Natural Hazards and Disasters class 11 Notes Geography, 11 Geography notes Chapter 7 Natural Hazards and Disasters, CBSE Class 11 Revision Notes and Key Points, India Location class 11 Notes Geography, Structure and Physiography class 11 Notes Geography, Climate Vegetations and Soil class 11 Notes Geography, Natural Vegetation class 11 Notes Geography, Geography as a Discipline class 11 Notes Geography, Interior of the Earth class 11 Notes Geography, Distribution of Oceans and Continent class 11 Notes Geography, Minerals and Rocks class 11 Notes Geography, Geomorphic Processes class 11 Notes Geography, Landforms and their Evolution class 11 Notes Geography, Solar Radiation, Heat Balance and Temperature class 11 Notes Geography, Atmospheric Circulation and Weather System class 11 Notes Geography, Water in the Atmosphere class 11 Notes Geography, World Climate and Climate Change class 11 Notes Geography, Movements of Ocean Water class 11 Notes Geography, Life on the Earth class 11 Notes Geography, Biodiversity and Conservation class 11 Notes Geography, The Origin and Evolution of the Earth class 11 Notes Geography, The Origin and Evolution of the Earth Class 11 Notes Geography, Minerals and Power Resources class 8 Notes Geography, Land, Soil, Water, Natural Vegetation and Wildlife Resources class 8 Notes Geography, CBSE Internal Assessment Marks Distribution, CBSE Class 12 Hindi Elective Syllabus 2022-23, CBSE Class 12 English Core Syllabus 2022-23, CBSE Class 12 English Elective Syllabus 2022-23, CBSE Class 12 Accountancy Syllabus 2022-23, CBSE Class 12 Biotechnology Syllabus 2022-23. Stronger temperature gradient stronger jet stream. Crop failure leading to scarcity of food grains (akal) and fodder (trinkal), 3. inadequate rainfall, resulting in shortage of water (jalkal), 4. and often shortage in all the three, i.e. A disaster occurs as the result of ahazardous event that dramatically affects a community. Download the GCSE Geography Natural Hazards: Introduction Resources module. This A-Level Introduction to Natural Hazards module introduces the following to your students: Click any of the example images below to view a larger version. 5. Important things to remember about Disaster: 1. Nuclear energy After reaching the coast, the tsunami waves release enormous energy stored in them and water flows turbulently onto the land destroying port cities and towns, structures, buildings and other settlements. Water vapour/ CO2/ Methane/ Nitrous oxides/ Ozone Horizontally, it extends up to 500- 1,000 km and vertically from surface to 12-14 km. Expanding air exerts work against ambient pressure at the expense of myCBSEguide provides sample papers with solution, test papers for chapter-wise practice, NCERT solutions, NCERT Exemplar solutions, quick revision notes for ready reference, CBSE guess papers and CBSE important question papers. Nudity or sexual content Hateful, harmful, violent, or abusive content . NY Times Paywall - Case Analysis with questions and their answers. Correlation with known variability temperature, Energy balance Storage of water, 7. Assam, West Bengal and Bihar are among the high flood- prone states of India. line, Coriolis Force 2. Difficult spatial interaction which adversely affects the developmental activities in these areas. Avoid hot shower immediately after coming back from outside These are included in the Very High Damage Risk Zone. Pages may have considerable notes/highlighting. States like Rajasthan, Gujarat, Haryana and Punjab are also getting inundated in recent decades due to flash floods. Unscientific agricultural practices 8. OCR GCSE Geography Past Papers : No F in / F out This may not be representative of the de / dt = 0 Note! The Teacher Guide provides comprehensive lessons and lesson plans for an entire unit of study. The resolution of the World Conference on Natural Disasters Reduction or Yokohama Strategyis as mentioned below: (i) It will note that each country has the sovereign responsibility to protect its citizens from natural disasters; (ii) It will give priority attention to the developing countries, particularly the least developed, landlocked countries and small-island developing states; (iii) It will develop and strengthen national capacities and capabilities and, where appropriate, national legislation for natural and other disaster prevention, mitigation and preparedness, including the mobilisation of non-governmental organisations and participation of local communities; (iv) It will promote and strengthen sub-regional, regional and international cooperation in activities to prevent, reduce and mitigate natural and other disasters, with particular emphasis on: (a) human and institutional capacity-building and strengthening; (b) technology sharing: the collection, the dissemination and utilisation of information; and (c) mobilisation of resources. 3. Earthquakes that are of tectonic origin have proved to be the most devastating and their area of influence is also quite large.These earthquakes result from a series of earth movements brought about by a sudden release of energy during the tectonic activities in the earths crust. Topic mindmaps for visualising the key concepts. Good weather. Aside from the above perils, the state is likewise inclined to heat and cold waves, Cyclonic tempests (fast breezes) and other human-instigated dangers like fire, pandemics, street/vessel mishaps, rushes and so forth. Limiting agriculture to valleys and areas with moderate slopes, 3. 6. Sample Paper all are made available throughthe best app for CBSE studentsand myCBSEguide website. Need revision notes and resources for other subjects? A glossary which covers the key terminologies of the module. As opposed to this, when a tsunami enters shallow water, its wave-length gets reduced and the period remains unchanged, which increases the wave height. the seasonal variation of surface temperature. Additional force that changes course of ball and doesnt make it swing in linear Once air has been set in motion by the pressure gradient force, it undergoes an volcanism: experiences limited volcanic activity; Ardoukoba (298 m) last erupted in 1978; Manda-Inakir, located along the Ethiopian border, is also historically active. Floods in the South, Southeast and East Asian countries, particularly in China, India and Bangladesh are frequent and equally disastrous. It affects us (hurricanes, tornadoes, tsunamis, earthquakes) can cost. Surface temperatures It renders them homeless, which puts an extra-pressure and stress, particularly on the weak economy of the developing countries. Horizontal dashed line indicates that there is a pressure gradient In India, the force of the cyclone decreases with increase in distance from the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea. Energy in = energy out to keep temp steady temperatures For Natural Hazards, Physical Sciences, taught by Professor Noboru Nakamura lecture notes hazards are predictable but uncertainty specific time, location and Moreover, it is also a common sight to witness that one region suffers due to floods in one season and experiences drought in the other. Atmospheric for example, cyclones, hailstorms,blizzards or bushfires2. EARTHQUAKES: Earthquakes are by far the most unpredictable and highly destructive of all the natural disasters. Natural hazards include such things as hurricanes, volcanic eruptions, floods and earthquakes. Unconsolidated material in the water due to higher rate of soil erosion 10. substantial latent heat is released Heat reduces density which creates extra buoyancy (think hot air balloon) A natural hazard is a threat of a naturally occurring event will have a negative effect on humans. 3. The State of Punjab suffers mainly from two natural hazards, namely, flood and earthquakes, of which floods have quite a high frequency of occurrence, whereas earthquakes of M > 5.0 have a moderate frequency within and close to the boundary of the State. Other Areas: The remaining parts of India, particularly states like Rajasthan, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal (except district Darjiling), Assam (except district Karbi Anglong) and Coastal regions of the southern States are safe as far as landslides are concerned. Probability distribution = histogram of relative frequency -International cooperation is critical for disaster mitigation, resource, -Numerous careers impacted by hazards and Earth Sciences. Djibouti. 2. Identification of ground water potential in the form of aquifers, 6. FRICTIONAL FORCE opposite to motion/ momentum of the object (iii) Post-disaster operations should involve A. rehabilitation B. recovery of victims. Ecological Drought: When the productivity of a natural ecosystem fails due to shortage of water and as a consequence of ecological distress, damages are induced in the ecosystem. At suns temp (5800k) radiation is visible as it is between 0 and respect to altitude net balances with gravity Millions of people are rendered homeless and are also washed down along with their cattle in the floods. The speed of wave in the ocean depends upon the depth of water. Its vastness in terms of natural attributes combined with its prolonged colonial past, continuing various forms of social discriminations. A natural disaster pertains to a natural phenomenon that occurs in proximity and poses a threat to people, structures, and economic assets caused by biological, geological, seismic, hydrological, or meteorological conditions or processes in the natural environment. metropolitan France: flooding; avalanches; midwinter windstorms; drought; forest fires in south near the Mediterranean; overseas departments: hurricanes (cyclones); flooding; volcanism: Montagne Pelee (1,394 m) on the island of Martinique in the Caribbean is the most active volcano of the Lesser Antilles arc, it last erupted in 1932; a catastrophic eruption in May 1902 destroyed the city of St. Pierre, killing an estimated 30,000 people; La Soufriere (1,467 m) on the island of Guadeloupe in the Caribbean last erupted from July 1976 to March 1977; these volcanoes are part of the volcanic island arc of the Lesser Antilles that extends from Saba in the north to Grenada in the south, Ile Amsterdam and Ile Saint-Paul are inactive volcanoes; Iles Eparses subject to periodic cyclones; Bassas da India is a maritime hazard since it is under water for a period of three hours prior to and following the high tide and surrounded by reefs, volcanism: Reunion Island - Piton de la Fournaise (2,632 m), which has erupted many times in recent years including 2010, 2015, and 2017, is one of the world's most active volcanoes; although rare, eruptions outside the volcano's caldera could threaten nearby cities, dry, dusty, northeastern harmattan winds from January to March; droughts, occasional droughts; no streams or large bodies of water on the peninsula (all potable water comes from desalination), volcanism: Santorini (367 m) has been deemed a Decade Volcano by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, worthy of study due to its explosive history and close proximity to human populations; although there have been very few eruptions in recent centuries, Methana and Nisyros in the Aegean are classified as historically active, continuous permafrost over northern two-thirds of the island, lies on edge of hurricane belt; hurricane season lasts from June to November, volcanism: Mount Saint Catherine (840 m) lies on the island of Grenada; Kick 'em Jenny, an active submarine volcano (seamount) on the Caribbean Sea floor, lies about 8 km north of the island of Grenada; these two volcanoes are at the southern end of the volcanic island arc of the Lesser Antilles that extends up to the Netherlands dependency of Saba in the north, frequent squalls during rainy season; relatively rare but potentially destructive typhoons (June to December), numerous volcanoes in mountains, with occasional violent earthquakes; Caribbean coast extremely susceptible to hurricanes and other tropical storms, volcanism: significant volcanic activity in the Sierra Madre range; Santa Maria (3,772 m) has been deemed a Decade Volcano by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, worthy of study due to its explosive history and close proximity to human populations; Pacaya (2,552 m), which erupted in May 2010 causing an ashfall on Guatemala City and prompting evacuations, is one of the country's most active volcanoes with frequent eruptions since 1965; other historically active volcanoes include Acatenango, Almolonga, Atitlan, Fuego, and Tacana; see note 2 under "Geography - note", very large tidal variation and fast currents can make local waters dangerous, hot, dry, dusty harmattan haze may reduce visibility during dry season, hot, dry, dusty harmattan haze may reduce visibility during dry season; brush fires, lies in the middle of the hurricane belt and subject to severe storms from June to October; occasional flooding and earthquakes; periodic droughts, Mawson Peak, an active volcano, is on Heard Island, frequent, but generally mild, earthquakes; extremely susceptible to damaging hurricanes and floods along the Caribbean coast, volcanism: Iceland, situated on top of a hotspot, experiences severe volcanic activity; Eyjafjallajokull (1,666 m) erupted in 2010, sending ash high into the atmosphere and seriously disrupting European air traffic; scientists continue to monitor nearby Katla (1,512 m), which has a high probability of eruption in the very near future, potentially disrupting air traffic; Grimsvoetn and Hekla are Iceland's most active volcanoes; other historically active volcanoes include Askja, Bardarbunga, Brennisteinsfjoll, Esjufjoll, Hengill, Krafla, Krisuvik, Kverkfjoll, Oraefajokull, Reykjanes, Torfajokull, and Vestmannaeyjar, droughts; flash floods, as well as widespread and destructive flooding from monsoonal rains; severe thunderstorms; earthquakes, volcanism: Barren Island (354 m) in the Andaman Sea has been active in recent years, occasional icebergs pose navigational hazard in southern reaches, occasional floods; severe droughts; tsunamis; earthquakes; volcanoes; forest fires, volcanism: Indonesia contains the most volcanoes of any country in the world - some 76 are historically active; significant volcanic activity occurs on Java, Sumatra, the Sunda Islands, Halmahera Island, Sulawesi Island, Sangihe Island, and in the Banda Sea; Merapi (2,968 m), Indonesia's most active volcano and in eruption since 2010, has been deemed a Decade Volcano by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, worthy of study due to its explosive history and close proximity to human populations; on 22 December 2018, a large explosion and flank collapse destroyed most of the 338 m high island of Anak Krakatau (Child of Krakatau) and generated a deadly tsunami inundating portions of western Java and southern Sumatra leaving more than 400 dead; other notable historically active volcanoes include Agung, Awu, Karangetang, Krakatau (Krakatoa), Makian, Raung, Sinabung, and Tambora; see note 2 under "Geography - note", periodic droughts, floods; dust storms, sandstorms; earthquakes, sandstorms may occur during spring and summer; droughts; periodic earthquakes, regional risks include landslides, mudflows, avalanches, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, flooding; land subsidence in Venice, volcanism: significant volcanic activity; Etna (3,330 m), which is in eruption as of 2010, is Europe's most active volcano; flank eruptions pose a threat to nearby Sicilian villages; Etna, along with the famous Vesuvius, which remains a threat to the millions of nearby residents in the Bay of Naples area, have both been deemed Decade Volcanoes by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, worthy of study due to their explosive history and close proximity to human populations; Stromboli, on its namesake island, has also been continuously active with moderate volcanic activity; other historically active volcanoes include Campi Flegrei, Ischia, Larderello, Pantelleria, Vulcano, and Vulsini, volcanism: Beerenberg (2,227 m) is Norway's only active volcano; volcanic activity resumed in 1970; the most recent eruption occurred in 1985, many dormant and some active volcanoes; about 1,500 seismic occurrences (mostly tremors but occasional severe earthquakes) every year; tsunamis; typhoons, volcanism: both Unzen (1,500 m) and Sakura-jima (1,117 m), which lies near the densely populated city of Kagoshima, have been deemed Decade Volcanoes by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, worthy of study due to their explosive history and close proximity to human populations; other notable historically active volcanoes include Asama, Honshu Island's most active volcano, Aso, Bandai, Fuji, Iwo-Jima, Kikai, Kirishima, Komaga-take, Oshima, Suwanosejima, Tokachi, Yake-dake, and Usu; see note 2 under "Geography - note", very large tidal variation can be hazardous to navigation, droughts; periodic earthquakes; flash floods, earthquakes in the south; mudslides around Almaty, recurring drought; flooding during rainy seasons, volcanism: limited volcanic activity; the Barrier (1,032 m) last erupted in 1921; South Island is the only other historically active volcano, typhoons can occur any time, but usually November to March; occasional tornadoes; low level of some of the islands make them sensitive to changes in sea level, late spring droughts often followed by severe flooding; occasional typhoons during the early fall, volcanism: P'aektu-san (2,744 m) (also known as Baitoushan, Baegdu, or Changbaishan), on the Chinese border, is considered historically active, occasional typhoons bring high winds and floods; low-level seismic activity common in southwest, volcanism: Halla (1,950 m) is considered historically active although it has not erupted in many centuries, sudden cloudbursts are common from October to April and bring heavy rain, which can damage roads and houses; sandstorms and dust storms occur throughout the year but are most common between March and August, major flooding during snow melt; prone to earthquakes, large percentage of agricultural fields can become waterlogged and require drainage, dust-laden harmattan winds blow from the Sahara (December to March), hot, dry, dust-laden ghibli is a southern wind lasting one to four days in spring and fall; dust storms, sandstorms, periodic cyclones; drought; and locust infestation, volcanism: Madagascar's volcanoes have not erupted in historical times, tsunamis; low elevation of islands makes them sensitive to sea level rise, hot, dust-laden harmattan haze common during dry seasons; recurring droughts; occasional Niger River flooding, hot, dry, dust/sand-laden sirocco wind primarily in March and April; periodic droughts, cyclones (November to April); almost completely surrounded by reefs that may pose maritime hazards, tsunamis along the Pacific coast, volcanoes and destructive earthquakes in the center and south, and hurricanes on the Pacific, Gulf of Mexico, and Caribbean coasts, volcanism: volcanic activity in the central-southern part of the country; the volcanoes in Baja California are mostly dormant; Colima (3,850 m), which erupted in 2010, is Mexico's most active volcano and is responsible for causing periodic evacuations of nearby villagers; it has been deemed a Decade Volcano by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, worthy of study due to its explosive history and close proximity to human populations; Popocatepetl (5,426 m) poses a threat to Mexico City; other historically active volcanoes include Barcena, Ceboruco, El Chichon, Michoacan-Guanajuato, Pico de Orizaba, San Martin, Socorro, and Tacana; see note 2 under "Geography - note", dust storms; grassland and forest fires; drought; "zud," which is harsh winter conditions, volcanic eruptions; severe hurricanes (June to November), volcanism: Soufriere Hills volcano (915 m), has erupted continuously since 1995; a massive eruption in 1997 destroyed most of the capital, Plymouth, and resulted in approximately half of the island becoming uninhabitable; the island of Montserrat is part of the volcanic island arc of the Lesser Antilles that extends from Saba in the north to Grenada in the south, in the north, the mountains are geologically unstable and subject to earthquakes; periodic droughts; windstorms; flash floods; landslides; in the south, a hot, dry, dust/sand-laden sirocco wind can occur during winter and spring; widespread harmattan haze exists 60% of time, often severely restricting visibility, severe droughts; devastating cyclones and floods in central and southern provinces, severe thunderstorms; flooding; landslides; drought and famine depending on the timing, intensity, and duration of the summer monsoons, volcanism: Mount Scenery (887 m), located on the island of Saba in the Caribbean, last erupted in 1640;; Round Hill (601 m), a dormant volcano also known as The Quill, is located on the island of St. Eustatius in the Caribbean;; these islands are at the northern end of the volcanic island arc of the Lesser Antilles that extends south to Grenada, cyclones, most frequent from November to March, volcanism: Matthew and Hunter Islands are historically active, earthquakes are common, though usually not severe; volcanic activity, volcanism: significant volcanism on North Island; Ruapehu (2,797 m), which last erupted in 2007, has a history of large eruptions in the past century; Taranaki has the potential to produce dangerous avalanches and lahars; other historically active volcanoes include Okataina, Raoul Island, Tongariro, and White Island; see note 2 under "Geography - note", destructive earthquakes; volcanoes; landslides; extremely susceptible to hurricanes, volcanism: significant volcanic activity; Cerro Negro (728 m), which last erupted in 1999, is one of Nicaragua's most active volcanoes; its lava flows and ash have been known to cause significant damage to farmland and buildings; other historically active volcanoes include Concepcion, Cosiguina, Las Pilas, Masaya, Momotombo, San Cristobal, and Telica, tropical cyclones (especially May to July), active volcanoes on Pagan and Agrihan; typhoons (especially August to November), volcanism: Beerenberg (2,227 m) on Jan Mayen Island in the Norwegian Sea is the country's only active volcano, summer winds often raise large sandstorms and dust storms in interior; periodic droughts, surrounded by a zone of violent volcanic and earthquake activity sometimes referred to as the "Pacific Ring of Fire"; up to 90% of the world's earthquakes and some 75% of the world's volcanoes occur within the Ring of Fire; 80% of tsunamis, caused by volcanic or seismic events, occur within the "Pacific Ring of Fire"; subject to tropical cyclones (typhoons) in southeast and east Asia from May to December (most frequent from July to October); tropical cyclones (hurricanes) may form south of Mexico and strike Central America and Mexico from June to October (most common in August and September); cyclical El Nino/La Nina phenomenon occurs in the equatorial Pacific, influencing weather in the Western Hemisphere and the western Pacific; ships subject to superstructure icing in extreme north from October to May; persistent fog in the northern Pacific can be a maritime hazard from June to December, frequent earthquakes, occasionally severe especially in north and west; flooding along the Indus after heavy rains (July and August), occasional severe storms and forest fires in the Darien area, active volcanism; the country is subject to frequent and sometimes severe earthquakes; mud slides; tsunamis, volcanism: severe volcanic activity; Ulawun (2,334 m), one of Papua New Guinea's potentially most dangerous volcanoes, has been deemed a Decade Volcano by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, worthy of study due to its explosive history and close proximity to human populations; Rabaul (688 m) destroyed the city of Rabaul in 1937 and 1994; Lamington erupted in 1951 killing 3,000 people; Manam's 2004 eruption forced the island's abandonment; other historically active volcanoes include Bam, Bagana, Garbuna, Karkar, Langila, Lolobau, Long Island, Pago, St. Andrew Strait, Victory, and Waiowa; see note 2 under "Geography - note", local flooding in southeast (early September to June); poorly drained plains may become boggy (early October to June), earthquakes, tsunamis, flooding, landslides, mild volcanic activity, volcanism: volcanic activity in the Andes Mountains; Ubinas (5,672 m), which last erupted in 2009, is the country's most active volcano; other historically active volcanoes include El Misti, Huaynaputina, Sabancaya, and Yucamane; see note 2 under "Geography - note", astride typhoon belt, usually affected by 15 and struck by five to six cyclonic storms each year; landslides; active volcanoes; destructive earthquakes; tsunamis, volcanism: significant volcanic activity; Taal (311 m), which has shown recent unrest and may erupt in the near future, has been deemed a Decade Volcano by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, worthy of study due to its explosive history and close proximity to human populations; Mayon (2,462 m), the country's most active volcano, erupted in 2009 forcing over 33,000 to be evacuated; other historically active volcanoes include Biliran, Babuyan Claro, Bulusan, Camiguin, Camiguin de Babuyanes, Didicas, Iraya, Jolo, Kanlaon, Makaturing, Musuan, Parker, Pinatubo, and Ragang; see note 2 under "Geography - note", occasional tropical cyclones (especially November to March), but generally only heavy tropical storms; landslides, volcanism: limited volcanic activity in the Azores Islands; Fayal or Faial (1,043 m) last erupted in 1958; most volcanoes have not erupted in centuries; historically active volcanoes include Agua de Pau, Furnas, Pico, Picos Volcanic System, San Jorge, Sete Cidades, and Terceira, earthquakes, most severe in south and southwest; geologic structure and climate promote landslides, permafrost over much of Siberia is a major impediment to development; volcanic activity in the Kuril Islands; volcanoes and earthquakes on the Kamchatka Peninsula; spring floods and summer/autumn forest fires throughout Siberia and parts of European Russia, volcanism: significant volcanic activity on the Kamchatka Peninsula and Kuril Islands; the peninsula alone is home to some 29 historically active volcanoes, with dozens more in the Kuril Islands; Kliuchevskoi (4,835 m), which erupted in 2007 and 2010, is Kamchatka's most active volcano; Avachinsky and Koryaksky volcanoes, which pose a threat to the city of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, have been deemed Decade Volcanoes by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, worthy of study due to their explosive history and close proximity to human populations; other notable historically active volcanoes include Bezymianny, Chikurachki, Ebeko, Gorely, Grozny, Karymsky, Ketoi, Kronotsky, Ksudach, Medvezhia, Mutnovsky, Sarychev Peak, Shiveluch, Tiatia, Tolbachik, and Zheltovsky; see note 2 under "Geography - note", periodic droughts; the volcanic Virunga Mountains are in the northwest along the border with Democratic Republic of the Congo, volcanism: Visoke (3,711 m), located on the border with the Democratic Republic of the Congo, is the country's only historically active volcano, volcanism: the island volcanoes of Tristan da Cunha (2,060 m) and Nightingale Island (365 m) experience volcanic activity; Tristan da Cunha erupted in 1962 and Nightingale in 2004, volcanism: Mount Liamuiga (1,156 m) on Saint Kitts, and Nevis Peak (985 m) on Nevis, are both volcanoes that are part of the volcanic island arc of the Lesser Antilles, which extends from Saba in the north to Grenada in the south, volcanism: Mount Gimie (948 m), also known as Qualibou, is a caldera on the west of the island; the iconic twin pyramidal peaks of Gros Piton (771 m) and Petit Piton (743 m) are lava dome remnants associated with the Soufriere volcano; there have been no historical magmatic eruptions, but a minor steam eruption in 1766 spread a thin layer of ash over a wide area; Saint Lucia is part of the volcanic island arc of the Lesser Antilles that extends from Saba in the north to Grenada in the south, subject to hurricanes from July to November, persistent fog throughout the year can be a maritime hazard, hurricanes; La Soufriere volcano on the island of Saint Vincent is a constant threat, volcanism: La Soufriere (1,234 m) on the island of Saint Vincent last erupted in 1979; the island of Saint Vincent is part of the volcanic island arc of the Lesser Antilles that extends from Saba in the north to Grenada in the south, volcanism: Savai'I Island (1,858 m), which last erupted in 1911, is historically active, volcanism: despite many volcanic formations, there has been little activity in the past few centuries; volcanoes include Harrat Rahat, Harrat Khaybar, Harrat Lunayyir, and Jabal Yar, lowlands seasonally flooded; periodic droughts, lies outside the cyclone belt, so severe storms are rare; occasional short droughts, dry, sand-laden harmattan winds blow from the Sahara (December to February); sandstorms, dust storms, tropical cyclones, but rarely destructive; geologically active region with frequent earthquakes, tremors, and volcanic activity; tsunamis, volcanism: Tinakula (851 m) has frequent eruption activity, while an eruption of Savo (485 m) could affect the capital Honiara on nearby Guadalcanal, recurring droughts; frequent dust storms over eastern plains in summer; floods during rainy season, volcanism: the volcano forming Marion Island in the Prince Edward Islands, which last erupted in 2004, is South Africa's only active volcano, the South Sandwich Islands have prevailing weather conditions that generally make them difficult to approach by ship; they are also subject to active volcanism, huge icebergs with drafts up to several hundred meters; smaller bergs and iceberg fragments; sea ice (generally 0.5 to 1 m thick) with sometimes dynamic short-term variations and with large annual and interannual variations; deep continental shelf floored by glacial deposits varying widely over short distances; high winds and large waves much of the year; ship icing, especially May-October; most of region is remote from sources of search and rescue, volcanism: volcanic activity in the Canary Islands, located off Africa's northwest coast; Teide (3,715 m) has been deemed a Decade Volcano by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, worthy of study due to its explosive history and close proximity to human populations; La Palma (2,426 m), which last erupted in 1971, is the most active of the Canary Islands volcanoes; Lanzarote is the only other historically active volcano, typhoons; numerous reefs and shoals pose a serious maritime hazard, dust storms and periodic persistent droughts, ice floes often block the entrance to Bellsund (a transit point for coal export) on the west coast and occasionally make parts of the northeastern coast inaccessible to maritime traffic, ice floes in the surrounding waters, especially in the Gulf of Bothnia, can interfere with maritime traffic, volcanism: Syria's two historically active volcanoes, Es Safa and an unnamed volcano near the Turkish border have not erupted in centuries, volcanism: Kueishantao Island (401 m), east of Taiwan, is its only historically active volcano, although it has not erupted in centuries, flooding on the central plateau during the rainy season; drought, volcanism: limited volcanic activity; Ol Doinyo Lengai (2,962 m) has emitted lava in recent years; other historically active volcanoes include Kieyo and Meru, land subsidence in Bangkok area resulting from the depletion of the water table; droughts, floods and landslides are common; earthquakes; tsunamis; tropical cyclones, hot, dry harmattan wind can reduce visibility in north during winter; periodic droughts, cyclones (October to April); earthquakes and volcanic activity on Fonuafo'ou, volcanism: moderate volcanic activity; Fonualei (180 m) has shown frequent activity in recent years, while Niuafo'ou (260 m), which last erupted in 1985, has forced evacuations; other historically active volcanoes include Late and Tofua, outside usual path of hurricanes and other tropical storms, severe earthquakes, especially in northern Turkey, along an arc extending from the Sea of Marmara to Lake Van; landslides; flooding, volcanism: limited volcanic activity; its three historically active volcanoes; Ararat, Nemrut Dagi, and Tendurek Dagi have not erupted since the 19th century or earlier, earthquakes; mudslides; droughts; dust storms; floods, severe tropical storms are usually rare, but in 1997 there were three cyclones; low levels of islands make them sensitive to changes in sea level, droughts; floods; earthquakes; landslides; hailstorms, tsunamis; volcanoes; earthquake activity around Pacific Basin; hurricanes along the Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico coasts; tornadoes in the Midwest and Southeast; mud slides in California; forest fires in the west; flooding; permafrost in northern Alaska, a major impediment to development, volcanism: volcanic activity in the Hawaiian Islands, Western Alaska, the Pacific Northwest, and in the Northern Mariana Islands; both Mauna Loa (4,170 m) in Hawaii and Mount Rainier (4,392 m) in Washington have been deemed Decade Volcanoes by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, worthy of study due to their explosive history and close proximity to human populations; Pavlof (2,519 m) is the most active volcano in Alaska's Aleutian Arc and poses a significant threat to air travel since the area constitutes a major flight path between North America and East Asia; St. Helens (2,549 m), famous for the devastating 1980 eruption, remains active today; numerous other historically active volcanoes exist, mostly concentrated in the Aleutian arc and Hawaii; they include: in Alaska: Aniakchak, Augustine, Chiginagak, Fourpeaked, Iliamna, Katmai, Kupreanof, Martin, Novarupta, Redoubt, Spurr, Wrangell, Trident, Ugashik-Peulik, Ukinrek Maars, Veniaminof; in Hawaii: Haleakala, Kilauea, Loihi; in the Northern Mariana Islands: Anatahan; and in the Pacific Northwest: Mount Baker, Mount Hood; see note 2 under "Geography - note". & gt ; what if we observe the energy balance Storage of water, 7, extends... 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