Thus, in the early developmental stage, chronic exposure to 2.4W/kg GSM microwaves may influence dendritic development and the formation of excitatory synapses in cultures of hippocampal neurons. However, a recent report [3] published by the Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks (SCENIHR) noted that discussions about the thermal and non-thermal effects are misleading. [111] found that the rate of glucose metabolism in the brains of rats was lower after short-term exposure to microwave radiation, and the blood glucose management reduced the damage that was caused by microwave radiation due to the decreased glucose uptake (2.45MHz, 1mW/cm2, continuous radiation for 30 d at 3h/d), as were learning and memory capacity. Suppl Clin Neurophysiol. 2008;22:9927. Qutob et al. Standard devices used by military personnel that may pose electromagnetic hazards include radars and missile systems. The Morris water maze has been widely used in neurobehavioral tests [36]. Sleep EEG alterations: effects of pulsed magnetic fields versus pulse-modulated radio frequency electromagnetic fields. Bioelectromagnetics. Li HJ, Peng RY, Wang CZ, Qiao SM, Yong Z, Gao YB, et al. Neurosci Lett. static fields, health effects, human health, environmental effects, SCENIHR, Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks Opinion to be cited as: 2015;91:42634. PLoS One. After exposure to microwave radiation, during synaptic structural plasticity, presynaptic vesicles accumulate or empty, mitochondria are damaged, postsynaptic membranes are perforated, postsynaptic lengths and postsynaptic density distributions are abnormal, mossy fiber growth is inhibited during learning and memory functions, dendritic filopodial densities and activities are decreased, and there is a significant reduction of the dendritic spine density and dendritic fragment length [62]. The effects are usually . Ito K, Hirao A, Arai F, Takubo K, Matsuoka S, Miyamoto K, et al. Military Medical Research found that long-term treatment with a low dose of microwave radiation reduced the activity and the number of excitatory synapses. 2012;3:3440. 2011;31:2293301. 2012;62:22336. Phot J. The biological effects of RF energy are proportional to the rate of ener-gy absorption, and the level of absorption varies little with fre-quency. J Neurosci Methods. The induced genes encoded proteins with a variety of functions, including neurotransmitter regulation, BBB maintenance, and melatonin production. Xiong L, Sun CF, Zhang J, Gao YB, Wang LF, Zuo HY, et al. N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor (NMDAR) is a tetramer composed of two NR1 and two NR2 subunits or two NR3 subunits that perform the functions of NMDAR [69, 70], and NMDAR plays key roles in synapse development, synaptic plasticity and neurological diseases. Indian J Occup Environ Med. The final apoptosis score in the exposed group was significantly reduced, and the total antioxidant capacity and catalysis observed in the experimental group was increased. Int J Occup Environ Health. Furthermore, the expression of postsynaptic density 95 (PSD-95) in cultured neurons was decreased. Merola P, Marino C, Lovisolo G, Pinto R, Laconi C, Negroni A. PLoS One. PubMed Describes the health effects on six men exposed to high levels of RF radiation (100 MHz) while working on transmission masts. Chizhenkova R. Slow potentials and spike unit activity of the cerebral cortex of rabbits exposed to microwaves. Effects of electromagnetic fields emitted from W-CDMA-like mobile phones on sleep in humans. Microwaves can influence mitochondria by damaging their structure [45], reducing ATP levels and affecting the activity of relevant enzymes such as succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and cytochrome coxidase (COX) [119,120,121]. fMicrowave Radiation Comes From Many Sources, Including: Cell phones. In 43% of devices, military personnel are not exposed to an electromagnetic field. GSM mobile phone radiation suppresses brain glucose metabolism. Mol Brain Res. Aydin D, Feychting M, Schz J, Andersen TV, Poulsen AH, Prochazka M, et al. The ionotropic receptors consist of NMDA receptors and non-NMDA receptors. 2012;112:1715. To investigate the effects of microwaves radiation on apoptotic activity, cell viability, and cell cycle progression, which can provide information about microwaves radiation effects on neural cells over the period from embryonic stages to infants. Gibson GE, Jope R, Blass J. [103] found that microwave radiation caused DNA single-strand and double-strand breaks in vivo in populations submitted to occupational exposure, and the incidence of micronuclei in lymphocytes was significantly increased.
Radiofrequency and Microwave Radiation - Health Effects | Occupational Physiol Behav.
Microwave Radiations and Its Effects on Human Health-A Review 2011;107:35661. Microwave radiation can cause tissue damage by inducing localized microstructural damage to proteins [86, 87]. A large amount of heat can be generated to caused severe damage to the body. PubMedGoogle Scholar. Electromagn Biol Med. Kwon MS, Vorobyev V, Knnl S, Laine M, Rinne JO, Toivonen T, et al. World J Biol Chem. LTP induction involves a signal transduction cascade that includes the release of glutamate from synaptic vesicles, activation of NMDAR at postsynaptic membranes, entry of Ca2+, and activation of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases (CaM kinases) II, IV and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) [71]. Othman et al. Scientific, technical publications in the nuclear field | IAEA These spines have been reported to share a close relationship with learning and memory abilities, and when protein synthesis in dendritic spines is blocked, new spine growth and the development of long spines are both decreased [91]. Lai H, Horita A, Guy AW. Bioelectromagnetics. Bioelectromagnetics. Bioelectromagnetics. Electromagnetic radiation can be absorbed by organisms, in which it causes a series of physiological and functional changes. J Neurosci. Exposure of rat brain to 915 MHz GSM microwaves induces changes in gene expression but not double stranded DNA breaks or effects on chromatin conformation.
PPT Scientific, technical publications in the nuclear field | IAEA Brain proteome response following whole body exposure of mice to mobile phone or wireless DECT base radiation. 2013;73:4737. 2006;27:295306. Cancer in radar technicians exposed to radiofrequency/microwave radiation: sentinel episodes. The results showed that 2.1GHz W-CDMA-modulated microwave radiation did not cause apoptotic cell death but altered cell cycle progression [79]. Most matter, including the human body, is largely . Radial arm maze performance of rats following repeated low level microwave radiation exposure. Dasdag et al. It has been reported that microwave radiation can induce lipid peroxidation of cell membranes and produce apoptotic signals [74, 75]. 2009;64:2314. Effect of 900 MHz radio frequency radiation on beta amyloid protein, protein carbonyl, and malondialdehyde in the brain. These conclusions are presented in Table2. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-017-0139-0, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-017-0139-0. Jeong J. EEG dynamics in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Based on this background, in this review, we first summarized the effects of microwave radiation on the central nervous system, including the epidemiology, morphology, electroencephalograms, learning and memory abilities and mechanisms of underlying brain dysfunction from the perspective of synaptic structures and functions, oxidative stress and apoptosis, protein synthesis, genes and individual susceptibility and energy metabolism. Bull Exp Biol Med. The results suggested that chronic non-modulated, but not modulated, microwave radiation may cause anxiety-like and depression-like behaviors and calcium- and NO-related biochemical changes in the brain [77]. However, there was no change in the frequency of AMPA mEPSCs or the amplitudes of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) mEPSCs. Conductors will strongly absorb microwaves and any lower frequencies because they will cause electric currents which will heat the material. Mitochondrial lipid abnormality and electron transport chain impairment in mice lacking -synuclein. Koivisto M, Krause CM, Revonsuo A, Laine M, Hmlinen H. The effects of electromagnetic field emitted by GSM phones on working memory. Cassel et al. A resting eyes-closed electroencephalogram was used to continuously record the results, which showed that there was an increase in the power of the , 1 and 2 frequency bands in the 0.303W/kg group and in the 2 frequency bands in the 0.003W/kg group. [81] reported a study exploring the influence of mobile phone microwave radiation on oxidative stress and apoptosis in rat brains. The function of dendritic spines: devices subserving biochemical rather than electrical computation. Wang L, Peng R, Hu X, Gao Y, Wang S, Zhao L, et al. Alterations of cognitive function and 5-HT system in rats after long term microwave exposure. Effect on human attention of exposure to the electromagnetic field emitted by mobile phones. Modulation of HSP response in SH-SY5Y cells following exposure to microwaves of a mobile phone. [72] found that 2.856GHz, 50mW/cm2 pulsed microwave radiation caused persistent spatial memory impairments, disordered neurotransmitters, and varying degrees of damage in the hippocampus and synapses. This study concerns the effects of microwave on health because they pervade diverse fields of our lives. Hippocampal acetylcholine release during memory testing in rats: augmentation by glucose. Zhao L, Sun C, Xiong L, Yang Y, Gao Y, Wang L, et al. 2013;42:428. Behav Brain Res. Joubert V, Bourthoumieu S, Leveque P, Yardin C. Apoptosis is induced by radiofrequency fields through the caspase-independent mitochondrial pathway in cortical neurons. 2012;25:1828. Location of gliomas in relation to mobile telephone use: a case-case and case-specular analysis. NR2B plays a key role in LTP and was decreased from the 3rd to the 18th month post-treatment, and long-term exposure to high doses of radiation may therefore damage cognitive functions. 2007;27:6024. 2 Researchers have been working. Zhang proposed that the sex-dependent relationship between microwaves and the behavior of offspring may be related to sex hormones, and female rats may be equivalently protected by reducing oxidative stress levels. Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip. [27] found that college students visual reaction times were significantly shorter after 10min of phone-induced microwave radiation. 2004;48:46624. [39] exposed rats to microwaves (500 pps, pulse width=2s, and average whole body-specific absorption rate (SAR)=0.6W/kg) for an exposure duration of 45min, and a significant decline was observed in the rats performance, indicating that microwave radiation influenced their working memory. 2006;165:63644. MicroRNAs: novel mechanism involved in the pathogenesis of microwave exposure on rats hippocampus. [80] found that irradiation with 900MHz, 2W/kg continuous microwaves for 24h induced an increase in rat neuronal apoptosis. Wang et al. Use of mobile phones and risk of brain tumours: update of Danish cohort study. Effect of microwave radiation on learning and memory. The mechanism by which microwave radiation decreases glucose, resulting in impaired learning and memory in rats, may be related to an increase in the synthesis and release of acetylcholine in the hippocampus. Otto M, von Mhlendahl KE. Int J Radiat Biol. 2008;29:52738. 2014;8:63. Ozben T. Oxidative stress and apoptosis: impact on cancer therapy. 2015;56:2618. In communications, the microwaves come from mobile phones and their base stations and microwave links, in addition to cordless phones, terrestrial trunked radios, blue tooth devices, wireless local area networks and many other applications. The results of this study showed that chronic exposure to Wi-Fi electromagnetic waves might impair both unimodal and cross-modal encoding of information. PubMed PubMed Central 2017;326:291. 2014:125. Biochem J. Clin Neurophysiol. Besides, the Soviet Union banned microwaves in 1976 . Merola et al. Lymphatic Systems: Due to chemical alterations within food substances, malfunctions occur in the lymphatic system, causing a degeneration of the body's ability to . Exp Neurobiol. Terms and Conditions, Article A radio frequency electric current enhances antibiotic efficacy against bacterial biofilms.
PDF What effects do mobile phones have on people's health? The former is now recognized worldwide as a method for evaluating learning and memory, while the latter is viewed as more susceptible to other factors. Int J Hyg Environ Health. [58] exposed volunteers to microwaves at a frequency of 450MHz for 10 repeated intervals of 1min of irradiation and 1min off. This effect is similar to the decrease observed in NR2B in rats. Biomed Environ Sci. Choeiri C, Staines W, Miki T, Seino S, Messier C. Glucose transporter plasticity during memory processing. Szmigielski S. Cancer morbidity in subjects occupationally exposed to high frequency (radiofrequency and microwave) electromagnetic radiation. Bioelectromagnetics. Ellis CE, Murphy EJ, Mitchell DC, Golovko MY, Scaglia F, Barcel-Coblijn GC, et al. In the lower SAR group, the , 1 and 2 bands were affected in the three subjects. Most studies have suggested that microwave radiation can cause EEG abnormalities in experimental animals and participants, but some negative results have also been reported in studies using low-power microwaves. The effect of Wi-Fi electromagnetic waves in unimodal and multimodal object recognition tasks in male rats. Vorobyov V, Janac B, Pesic V, Prolic Z. The results of EEG and analyses of the structure of the brain after radiation have also confirmed the influence of microwaves. 2000;11:16413. Nat Med. J Sleep Res. Hans Hertel, a Swiss food scientist, initiated the first tests on microwaved food and microwave cooking to determine how microwaves affect human physiology and the blood. Schz J, Waldemar G, Olsen JH, Johansen C. Risks for central nervous system diseases among mobile phone subscribers: a Danish retrospective cohort study. The authors found that 2.4GHz microwave radiation reduced the expression of some miRNAs such as miR-106b-5p and miR-107 [98]. Sharma A, Sisodia R, Bhatnagar D, Saxena VK. Impairment of long-term potentiation induction is essential for the disruption of spatial memory after microwave exposure. Biochemical modifications and neuronal damage in brain of young and adult rats after long-term exposure to mobile phone radiations. Studies have extensively explored the underlying mechanisms by which microwaves influence learning and memory functions, especially synaptic structures and functions, oxidative stress and apoptosis, protein synthesis, genes and individual susceptibility and energy metabolism. Effect of mobile radiation on health ppt . 2013;34:26474. The visual reaction time and short-term memory of healthy male and female workers at a radar site with a frequency range of 218GHz was recorded with a simple blind computer-assisted-visual reaction time test or modified Wechsler Memory Scale test. Am J Epidemiol. Zhi, WJ., Wang, LF. The results demonstrated the ability of electric magnetic field (EMF) to influence plasma melatonin and serotonin concentrations in radar workers. Wang Q, Cao Z. Fragopoulou et al. This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (61571455). 2007;34:146779. 2007;210:63544. Radiat Res. Koivisto M, Revonsuo A, Krause C, Haarala C, Sillanmki L, Laine M, et al. The biological effects of microwave and RF are difficult to quantify, but one method, which in-volves the determination of the relation-ship between the body mass-averaged Int J Radiat Biol. Frequency Fields (RF) and Microwave Radiation on human health" by the Scientific Committee on Toxicity, Ecotoxicity and the Environment (CSTEE) from 2001, with respect . Google Scholar. Li-Feng Wang or Xiang-Jun Hu. 1993;13:41322. 1992;6:379. Article However, these experimental results remain to be supported in repeated experiments [40,41,42].
The Dangers of Microwaves and Their Effects on Food - Natural Society A metabolomic approach to screening urinary metabolites upon microwave exposure in monkeys. 1999;9:3438. Wang H, Peng R, Zhou H, Wang S, Gao Y, Wang L, et al. Front Neurosci. An abnormal EEG is closely associated with damaged cognitive ability. 2006;398:2537. At present, due to a general consensus that the most significant parameter for . However, most studies have not supported the conclusion that cell phones cause brain tumors [8,9,10,11,12]. 2005;25:10190201. 2015;51:15865. In particular, somatization, obsessive compulsivity, paranoid ideation and psychoticism were reported [17]. Mobile phone use and risk of tumors: a meta-analysis. 2015;148:150. Subsequently, significantly more DNA damage was observed in the exposed groups than in the sham group, and their study also indicated that oxidative stress and inflammation caused DNA damage in response to low-intensity microwave exposure. 1984;4:285665. Because the frequency of microwaves is sufficiently high that the energy is absorbed, the subsequent heating of tissue becomes its major mechanism, and most biochemical and physiological responses are temperature-dependent. CAS Dasdag S, Balci K, Celik M, Batun S, Kaplan A, Bolaman Z, et al. Behav Brain Res. 2001;12:72931. But microwave refers to wavelengths in microns so the. Sareesh et al. Baer C, Claus R, Plass C. Genome-wide epigenetic regulation of miRNAs in cancer. J Med Food. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. Cordless phone radiation effect flows in a human body same way in the mobile phone [13]. Low intensity microwave radiation induced oxidative stress, inflammatory response and DNA damage in rat brain. Gold PE. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. CAS
Interaction of Radiation with Matter - GSU Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Aksen F, Bashan M, Buyukbayram H. Does 900 MHZ GSM mobile phone exposure affect rat brain? It has been suggested that there is an increased risk of glioma at the highest exposure levels, but biases and errors prevent causal interpretations of these data.
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