waldere poem summary. God is where all fastness / stands for us all. The sudden ending is a solid conclusion to this winding poem. . It is the subject of a Latin epic poem (Waltharius) by Ekkehard of St. Gall, dating from the first half of the tenth century; of a Bavarian poem dating from the first half of the thirteenth century, of . Not affiliated with Harvard College. The Finnesburg Fragment or Finnsburh Fragment is a fragment of an Old English heroic poem about a fight in which Hnf and his 60 retainers are besieged at "Finn's fort" and attempt to hold off their attackers. The second fragment starts with someone praising the sword. In one fragment someone encourages Waldere to go on fighting. Without a lord, the Anglo-Saxon warrior had no source of protection or income. The anonymous writer of The Wanderer engages with themes of loneliness, suffering, and religion in the text. Information and translations of waldere in the most comprehensive dictionary definitions resource on the web. He must quit and go home empty-handed or he must die.. In the famous Old-English Heroic Epic Beowulf, Beowulf himself states that if he dies in the battle, his armor should be delivered to his King Hygelac. The spirit of the floating ones never brings there many. Ph: (714) 638 - 3640 Beowulf (/bewlf/; Old English: Bowulf [beowuf]) is an Old English epic poem in the tradition of Germanic heroic legend consisting of 3,182 alliterative lines.It is one of the most important and most often translated works of Old English literature.The date of composition is a matter of contention among scholars; the only certain dating is for the manuscript, which was In the second poem, Waldere's fight with Guthhere who has unjustly begun hostilities by refusing the offer of a sword and treasure is described. that is.. Song of Myself is a free verse poem by the American writer, journalist, and poet Walt Whitman. Better, are you a literature junkie? With brave fight and defense Son of Alphere, that day is here When youll either win the eternal glory or die. June 14, 2022. beowulf,finnsburg,waldere, deor,widsith,andthe germanhildebrand translatedintheoriginalmetres withintroductionsandnotes by francisb.gummere j?fcda_4. The first portion is a speech given by Hildegyth trying to motivate Waldere for his upcoming fight. Hagano tries hard to avoid the bloodshed. 178-188.. 178 CHAPTER V THE SINGER AND HIS LAY. By this point, the speakers fully engulfed in a dark vision of the world. 1, Cassel, 1881); then by Peter Holthausen in Gteborgs hgskolas rsskrift (vol. His description of how he looked for another lord is also in the past tense, signifying that he is no longer looking for one. 3 One group of warrior-actors, however, is excluded kings. Waldere or Waldhere is the conventional title given to two Old English fragments, of around 32 and 31 lines, from a lost epic poem, discovered in 1860 by E. C. Werlauff, Librarian, in the Danish Royal Library at Copenhagen, where it is still preserved. a multitude of battles, and speaks these words: Where is the horse? Selzer observes that the Wanderer begins his tale with an evocation of memory by recalling his past actions, lost friends, and an older way of life. Another fact that makes Waldere so important historically is this , The poem is the only proof that is known that the Anglo-Saxon people had any knowledge of the legend of Walter of Aquitaine.. They are still there. Scott himself was absorbed by the . This was a very popular story in the Middle Ages. The name Waldere comes from the whispered fragments of a lost old English poem, reflecting the Matthew's sense of connection to the nature and history of his homeland. (The parents of Hildegund and Walter have planned that It consists of 115 alliterative lines, where two persons speak the wanderer and the author. [1] The date of the poem's composition is unknown. In the first parts of this piece, the speaker describes a wanderer, someone who lost everything that meant something to him. Scholars disagree about the number of speakers represented in the poem, with some contending that there is only one and others believing that in the shift from personal tales to general advice, a new narrator has taken over the poem. The poem is about the conflict that is about to take place between the two parties. Report at a scam and speak to a recovery consultant for free. That is because Nithads relative & Welands son Widia hurriedly saved him (King Theodric) from some horrible monsters (beasts or animals, perhaps) which he rushed for.. Waldere or Waldhere is a heroic poem from the Old-English / Anglo-Saxon period consisting of 2fragments (called Fragment I & Fragment II) of 32 and 31 lines respectively. Chapter 87: Solomon and Saturn I. Beowulf (/bewlf/; Old English: Bowulf [beowuf]) is an Old English epic poem in the tradition of Germanic heroic . proceeded thence, winter-sad, over the binding of the waves. The MS. fragments of Waldhere (Waldere) are preserved in the Royal Library at Copenhagen. The Sea in Beowulf and The Seafarer. This, in turn, causes Haagano (who is a Frankish noble) to flee. The poem's meditations on the way words can become . An ambitious man can conceal his sorrowful heart, but he cannot escape it. A really good book to study Waldere and other Old-English Poems, The Old English Epic of Waldere by Jonathan Himes, The oldest English epic: Beowulf, Finnsburg, Waldere, Deor, Widsith, and the German Hildebrand; translated in the original metres, with introductions and notes by Francis B. Gummere. The engaged couple Waltharius & Hiltgunt have grabbed this chance to steal some Gold and run away. Guntharius tells his warriors to attack Waltharius. At the feast, the guests all got drunk and fell asleep. Summary & Analysis Economy Where I Lived, and What I Lived For Sounds and Solitude Visitors The Bean-Field The Village and The Ponds Baker Farm and Higher Laws One suggests randomness, while the other suggests intention. Wisdom of both worlds Literature & Philosophy Straight to your inbox! The solitary looks for the favor of fortune, For serene waters and a welcoming haven. Gibicho sends his noble follower Hagano. Guntharius will meet his fate with this sword (hell learn his lesson). Eliezer explains that children are traded among homosexuals at the camp. The wanderer is in agony over the loss of his Chief, the loss of his nation and the loss of his identity. A final fight is fought between Walter, Hagano, and Guntharius where Guntharius loses a leg, Walter loses his right hand, and Hagano loses his right eye. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. The speakers were hungry for slaughter, and their fate was solidified. The wanderer considers his life to be a dark one where no one was there to answer his questions about where everyone dear to him had left, where everything that mattered to him ceased to exist. The speeches represented in the fragments have nothing corresponding to them in Ekkehard's text, which suggests that these are independent renderings of the same familiar source material. The poem personifies the moon as a female presence who walks through the night, bathing objects and creatures in her beautiful "silver" glow. June 2, 2022 by . A seaman's spirit goes through these bouts of agony every time he finds himself alone, which makes his overall sorrow more acute. The Wanderer is a long Old English poem in which the speaker details the life and struggles of a wanderer. Become a Message: Poems Lajos Walder, trans. But, before moving on to the actual summary of Waldere there are some important references in the poem that we need to get acquainted with. Walden is a memoir by Henry David Thoreau that was first published in 1854. t scealt ninga er twga: when you must (do) one of two (things): lf forlosan oe l The interesting thing about this Prayer Book . Waltharius and Hagano swear an oath of brotherhood to each other and bring honour to themselves fighting for Attila. The legend of Kind Nithad and Wallend dates back to 7th and 8th-century literature (carved narratives on stones & caskets). Parallels to Old Norse poems of the Poetic Edda preserved in manuscripts of c1270 and later, with particular emphasis on Hvaml ("Sayings of the High One," i.e. He ponders the impermanence of things while describing ruins and the destruction of other manmade artifacts. Each dawn stirs old sorrows. One final item that I thought was interesting In 1972-73 Zettersten was working on a fragment of the Old English Poem Waldere and Zettersten states that Tolkien was interested in Zettersten's aim to be the first person . When Eliezer arrives at the camp, it seems. Quite a thought ha! The following lines remind the reader of something else the wanderer has learned that existence is not permanent. There was no one left for him to share his sorrows with. Hes still on the sea with the dusky waves in front of him. The Christian viewpoint, as I.L. Aristotle made a summary of the Homeric poem, because he wished to show how simple its construction really was, apart from the episodes. Deors Lament (an Old English poem). gan mid eldum, lfheres sunu. What remains of the poem comes in two parts, written on two separate single leaves, usually called fragment I and fragment II, and generally dated about 1000. After his death, his Hunnic Empire collapsed, and a new kingdom emerged this was Amal familys kingdom. He starts doubting himself and his sword. This wall-stead is another point of contemplation. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". Stay informed and join our social networks! Home. Well, thanks to that, we have Waldere today! The seafarer describes the desolate hardships of life on the wintry sea. Readers should also take note of the use of personification in these lines when the speaker says that the darkness of the earth / covered my gold-friend.. xw 25, ^aeype (edwltaoype. He once woke to happiness and contentment, but now hes a wretched solitary man. Hed like to return to the life he had and dreams of what it would be like. Incidental references to the Waldere occur in several Middle High German poems, and there is also a Polish version of the story, the earliest form of which is in Chronicon Boguphali Episcopi, dating from the 13th or 14th century. The parchment pages had been reused as stiffening in the binding of an Elizabethan prayer book, which had presumably come to Europe following the Dissolution of the Monasteries in England in the 16th century. The reason why we had to go through the rough plot of Waltharius is this . At first glance this may appear perplexing, since a king, whether in the Heroic Age or in Anglo-Saxon England, was perforce a warrior. Hostage ) Hagano & Waltharius have become friends. Walter ends up killing eight of Guntharius' soldiers. In Selzer's interpretation, the Wanderer eventually comes to the conclusion that "experiencing the trials of the world is not simply a hardship; if hardships are approached with the right attitude, they can be a means of gaining higher knowledge." vanished under nights helm, as if it never were! Heres that little anecdote: As we will see in the study of the Medieval and Early-Modern eras, people didnt really understand Old English, at that time. Chapter 87: Solomon and Saturn I. III. Even when he sleeps, this lord-less man dreams of happier days when he could lay his hands and head upon his lord's knees. The Waldere Fragments (partially found fragment of Old English poem; ca. The wanderer is headed for a speech, but first, the speaker tells the reader that the wanderer is thinking about the hardships hes had to suffer. The "Fight at Finnsburgh" is a fragment of fifty lines, discovered on the inside of a piece of parchment drawn over the wooden covers of a book of homilies. Summary: The poem begins with the Wanderer asking the Lord for understanding and compassion during his exile at sea. a wall wondrously high, decorated with the likenesses of serpents. Best summary PDF, themes, and quotes. The Poem "Lochinvar" by Walter Scott (1771-1832) is a heroic ballad about the effect of a young gallant's actions on those around him. This was an idea that came up very early in the poem and to which hes returned, a common practice in this long poem. Hagano has become a great warrior. Waldere, of which two brief fragments remain, seems also to have been an epic poem; like Beowulf, it has been adapted both in matter and in manner to the point of view of a monastery scriptorium. Our First Speech. As is the nature of Anglo-Saxon poetry, the lines are alliterative. Give us a shout. Waltharius by Ekkehard of Abbey of St. Gall, Henry VIII dissolved the monasteries in England during 1536 1540, The original text of Waldere and its translation side-by-side. What does waldere mean? For two years and two months Thoreau lived alone in the woods by Walden Pond, in Concord, Massachusetts, where he wrote the bulk of the book, though now he has left the woods and returned to civilization. They took their poetry The wanderer however was a weak man and hence, he could neither control fate nor could he not harbour bitter feelings for his loss.if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[728,90],'englishsummary_com-medrectangle-3','ezslot_1',654,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-englishsummary_com-medrectangle-3-0'); Yet, he tries to swallow his grief and goes far away in search of a new dispenser of treasure, that is, a new Lord and his clan, someone who would be a friend in his lonely existence. from the Hungarian by Agnes Walder. Readers who enjoyed The Wanderer should also consider reading some other well-known Anglo-Saxon poems. It was given to you as a gift. Easy Explanation with Examples! "Waldere" or "Waldhere" is the conventional title given to two Old English fragments, of around 32 and 31 lines, from a lost epic poem, discovered in 1860 by E. C. Werlauff, Librarian, in the Danish Royal Library at Copenhagen, where it is still preserved. Everything is subject to fate. But Attila has treated all 3 like his children & trained them well. Tolkien Concepts that are of interest to practitioners of satr This comprehensive anthology of Anglo-Saxon poetry is well-suited for an undergraduate reader. Other works of literature that mention King Walter of Aquitaine include: All of these versions have their own twist on Waldere and none are the same. The poem "Widsith," the wide goer or wanderer, is in part, at least, probably the oldest in our language. He bemoans his fate for being a true warrior, for now to stand alone in a world where nothing was left for him to live. of legend, of folk-lore, and of art. Diamond avoided heroic poems such as Widsith, Deor, Waldere, and Finnsburg because students tend to encounter those works in Beowulf courses. Finlay Christie Comedian, He will imagine the faces of his kinsmen and greet them joyfully with song, but alas, the memories are transient. His kind lord died of old age and as a result, the Wanderer has been exiled from his country. Anglo-Saxon poetry is esteemed for its subtle artistry and for its wealth of insights into the artistic, social and spiritual preoccupations of the formative first centuries of . The fragments can be situated in the epic of which they formed part because the subject, adventures surrounding the hero Walter of Aquitaine, is known in other texts: a Latin epic poem Waltharius by Ekkehard of Abbey of St. Gall, dating from the first half of the 10th century; fragments of a Bavarian poem dating from the first half of the 13th century; and two episodes in the Norwegian ireks saga. Now, hes seeking out a new life but cant escape the memories of the old one. In the other there is praise of a sword, followed by Waldere's praise of his own armour and his defiance of Guthhere. The imagery of the warrior, the byrny-clad warrior, / The prince in CHAPTER II. Linking Verbs: What are they? Marie tells of a rich man who once owned a great amount of land in Caerwent in Brittany, and was thus "acknowledged lord of the land." Here, the ferryman tattles to Guntharius (who has now become the king of Franks) that the couple is carrying gold with them. Early National Poetry. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. In his article on "The Wanderer", John L. Selzer examines the elegy through the lens of the meditative tradition stemming from the work of St. Augustine, which the Anglo-Saxon audience would have been very familiar with. the seabirds bathing, spreading their wings. _5_ The speaker recalls the _19_ and the _20_ because in his youth he The "Fight at Finnsburgh" is a fragment of fifty lines, discovered on the inside of a piece of parchment drawn over the wooden covers of a book of homilies. 3 For most readers today the epic quality of Beowulf is not in doubt. Christian Writers. He thought there might be someone who might wish to comfort him and remedy his friendlessness. As long as God is looking after you, do more and more virtuous deeds and grow your heap of honor. In all this, Waltharius has still not forgotten the fact that he is engaged to Hiltgunt. The rich happiness of a man's dreams make his solitude even more miserable. They grow up at Attilas place. Dont forget to check out: What happened before & during the Old English Period? Things can go from bad to good in a moment. Prairie View Golf Club Membership Cost, The Wanderer is freezing cold, remembering the grand halls where he rejoiced, the treasure he was given, and the graciousness of his lord. Garden Grove, CA 92844, Contact Us! Weland is a Norse Mythological character. As youre studying Waldere here, I am assuming you must have heard at least a little something about Deor. Here, the winter refers to the Normans and their cruelty. Lets quickly answer the preliminary questions about Waldere and see where it has come from. He cannot avoid going to sea, however, because this life is his fate. his weary spirit over the binding of the waves, Therefore I cannot think why throughout the world, brave young retainers. hold his treasure-chest, think what he will. Walden: Full Book Summary | SparkNotes Walden opens with a simple announcement that Thoreau spent two years in Walden Pond, near Concord, Massachusetts, living a simple life supported by no one. The Waldhere Fragments. Exeter Book essays are academic essays for citation. Yet, he stays put, seeking refuge in the Heavenly Father, God himself. This is a heart-wrenching poem which sheds light on the horrors of war and the loss of life and property that accompanies it. Waldere is believed to be a part of an unknown Epic. It is thought that the original fragment could contain upwards of over one thousand lines and could have been as long as Beowulf. The theme of this poem is loss and sorrow. Gordon points out, is usually more admonitory in tone. That knowledge is actually the understanding that faith in God provides security well beyond earthly trials. Greenleafable. As is the case with the vast majority of Anglo-Saxon poetry, these lines are alliterative, meaning that rhythm I based on the repetition of consonant sounds at the beginning of words. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". Here are some examples of Kenning usage from Waldere: The word help-in-battle, is used to refer to the word sword. The roots of the poem might be as old pagan warrior days, but the version we have definitely derives from monks. He describes what hes learned from his various contemplations. Winter brings violent snowstorms and longer nightfall, leaving men frightened and helpless. Write a paragraph about a change in the wifes fate in A Wifes Lament. Use a compound predicate in each sentence. The Wanderer goes on to recall the hardships he has faced in his life, like watching his kinsmen be ruined and even slaughtered. Now he will turn from this battle ringless (wont win anything). Matthew studied Piano and Composition from age 6 to degree level. As this conflict was created by him (Guntharius) cruelly. The majority of them are four-five lines long. Together, these poems show the extent of what has been lost from the secular, heroic tradition of Old English poetry; those works that celebrated victory in war, deeds of courage, valiant boasts, bloody fighting and the winning of great treasures. "The Wanderer" is arguably the most famous and critically-debated Anglo-Saxon poem, and there are multiple interpretations of it. In his experience, a wise man should not possess anxiety, braggadocio, or irresoluteness. For two years and two months Thoreau lived alone in the woods by Walden Pond, in Concord, Massachusetts, where he wrote the bulk of the book, though now he has left the woods and . This fragment also features a quarrel between Waltharius and Guntharius. Walden, in full Walden; or, Life in the Woods, series of 18 essays by Henry David Thoreau, published in 1854. The Project Gutenberg eBook, Old English Poems, by Various, Translated by Cosette Faust Newton and Stith Thompson. It is used to describe something indirectly in compound words. In one fragment someone encourages Waldere to go on fighting. The path of exile awaits him, not twisted gold, he remembers retainers and the receiving of treasure. Waltharius helps us understand Waldere. Tracks range from 2-hands piano through to full multitrack recordings which layer up to 7 pianos and add a touch of other instruments such as bass guitar and Rhodes electric piano. He grieves the loss of his lord here, how God had mercilessly snatched away his life and that of his clans to leave the wanderer all alone in the world, joyless. 10. lose (your) life or lasting glory. Scholars place Old English in the Anglo-Frisian group of West Germanic languages. Ive tried to compile everything I could about Waldere here in as simple words as possible. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The Wanderer offers a few examples of the latter, citing men who died in battle, men who drowned, one man who who was carried off by a bird, and another who was killed by a wolf. After the fighting ceases, they all talk happily among each other and after their wounds are tended to, Guntharius and Hagano stay in Worm, while Waltharius goes back to Aquitania where he becomes king.[2]. Dialect problems. Old English language, also called Anglo-Saxon, language spoken and written in England before 1100; it is the ancestor of Middle English and Modern English. Series A: Poetic Texts, 3), 1933, viii + 55 p. 2nd ed., 1949. The Wanderer is an Anglo-Saxon poem about a lonely wanderer hopelessly alleviating his woes in the posthumous period of his fallen lord. to the cultural context of Old English poetry. The Germanic peoples told stories in song from very ancient times. Four dialects of the Old English language are known: Northumbrian in northern England and southeastern Scotland; Mercian in central England; Kentish in . this whole foundation of the earth becomes empty. Chapter 91: A Proverb from Winfrids Time. This certainly holds true between the different translations. I have never seen you retreat from the fight. WALDERE FROM the famous Waltharius, one of the best poems of medieval times, although written in Latin hexameters by a scholar at the monastery of St. Gall as a kind of exercise in composition, we learn the story of Walter and Hiltigund as it was current early in the tenth century among the Alemannians. He further states how his only companion had been sorrow, how he was in an exile where happiness ceased to exist once the gold-giving prince, his chieftain, had died. The Wanderer is a poem that laments both the temporality of human life and the material world, posing existential questions that only appear to be answered in the comparatively short conclusion though appeal to the Christian God. The parchment pages had been reused as stiffening in the binding of an Elizabethan prayer book, which had presumably come to Europe following the Dissolution of the . King Nihad, Nur or Niung was a cruel king in Germanic legend. The "Fight at Finnsburgh" is a fragment of fifty lines, discovered on the inside of a piece of parchment drawn over the wooden covers of a book of homilies. Often the solitary one experiences mercy for himself. (And, the plot is not simple, straightforward like this) But, you get the point. This was a very popular story in the Middle Ages. "The Wanderer" is a poem written in Old English, the language that the people living in England spoke before the Norman Conquest of 1066. Jonathan Himes. Among those 11 warriors is Haganos nephew (sisters son). Scholars commonly claim that the first seven lines of the poem are an introduction, the Wanderer's monologue begins in line 8, and a new monologue begins in line 92. In Waldere there has been lost a poem much longer and fuller than the Lay of Hildebrand, or any of the poems of the "Elder Edda"a poem more like Beowulf than any of those now extant. He suffers for a long time in exile, fate never showing kindness upon him. a rough shower of hail in enmity to the warriors. Crossley-Holland also focuses on the literary importance within each of the heroic poems. So said the wanderer, mindful of hardships, of cruel deadly combats, the fall of dear kinsmen , Bewail my sorrow; there is now none living. By clicking Accept, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. The poem begins with the Wanderer asking the Lord for understanding and compassion during his exile at sea. THE ANGLO-SAXON OR OLD-ENGLISH PERIOD. The first major translation of Waldere was by Frederick Norman in 1933 and the second by Arne Zettersten in 1979. weapons greedy for slaughter; fate the renowned. "The Wanderer" is often coupled with "The Seafarer" in academic settings, and many critical studies focus on these poems as a pair. This is a great summary and analysis of many faces of medieval literature. But, Waltharius and Hiltgunt make it to Aquitaine somehow. Marie tells of a rich man who once owned a great amount of land in Caerwent in Brittany, and was thus "acknowledged lord of the land. All of these joys have now disappeared. So this middle-earth, therefore a man may not become wise before he owns. Waltharius defeats both of them. The parchment pages had been reused as stiffening in the binding of an Eliz Waldere is the solo project of Colchester UK based musician Matthew Brown. Poem Solutions Limited International House, 24 Holborn Viaduct,London, EC1A 2BN, United Kingdom. What happened before & during the Old English Period? The speaker turns to talk about the winds effects on the wall, but first, he describes it as rocky slopes, suggesting that the wall is a part of nature, perhaps even more than it is a part of humankinds creation. Hes physically, mentally, and emotionally alone. Our First Speech. Many times, people have fallen to the ground, shaded their blood & lost lives because of the sword. whither the thought of the heart may wish to turn. t scealt ninga er twga: when you must (do) one of two (things): lf forlosan oe lg {n}e dm. But, he couldnt. He endeavored to find a new lord but was unsuccessful, and now he wanders alone, trying to gain wisdom from his melancholy thoughts. At Worms (yes, thats a city in Germany), they had to cross the river Rhine. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". He claims that any man who stops receiving the wisdom of his lord will be filled with a similar sadness. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The elderly have similar knowledge to those that have been exiled. to whom I dare tell clearly my inmost thoughts. Many scholars debate the relationship between Pagan and Christian themes in "The Wanderer". waldere poem summary. But the more fights you chased, fighting beyond your capacities, I prayed to God that you would not towards the swords point rashly (risking your life). Summary of the Subject. netdgotk themacmillancompany 1922 allrightsreserved ttt "Waldere." characters in Old English poetry: the protagonists of the three religious poems, as well as the figures of Wealhtheow, Hygd, Hildeburh, Modthryth and Grendels mother in Beowulf . Is the speaker traveling by land or sea? The person who holds the powerful Mimming has the power of it. Waldere or Waldhere is the conventional title given to two Old English fragments from a lost epic poem, discovered in 1860 by E. C. Werlauff, Librarian, in the Danish Royal Library at Copenhagen, where it is still preserved. He identifies with all lonely wanderers. Finnsburg, on the other hand, so far as its brief and fragmentary form allows such a judgment, has the appearance of a lay. The wine-halls go to ruin, the rulers lie, deprived of joy, the host has all perished, carried on the way forth; one a bird carried off, over the high sea; one the gray wolf shared. The Wanderer relates his tale to his readers, claiming that those who have experienced exile will understand how cruel loneliness can feel. (It is believed that it was perhaps Guntharius who was boasting of the power of the sword & saying it was better than Walthariuss) Then, Waltharius praises his own armor. "The Wanderer" is an elegy composed of alliterative metre that focuses on the Wanderer's loss of his lord, his subsequent grief, and his search for wisdom. It is the subject of a Latin epic poem (Waltharius) by Ekkehard of St. Gall, dating from the first half of the tenth century; of a Bavarian poem dating from the first half of the thirteenth century, of which only .
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