In 2015, pipa player Jiaju Shen () released a mini album composed and produced by Li Zong (),[73] with E-pa music that has a strong Chinese flavor within a modern Western pop music mould. [20], Garfias, Gradual Modifications of the Gagaku Tradition 16, Garfias, Gradual Modifications of the Gagaku Tradition 18, Ferranti, Relations between Music and Text in "Higo Biwa", The "Nagashi" Pattern as a Text-MusicSystem 150, Learn how and when to remove this template message, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biwa&oldid=1097578427, This page was last edited on 11 July 2022, at 14:28. A player holds it horizontally, and mostly plays rhythmic arpeggios in orchestra or ensemble. In the 20th century, two of the most prominent pipa players were Sun Yude (; 19041981) and Li Tingsong (; 19061976). Biwa - Wikipedia One of the biwa's most famous uses is for reciting The Tale of the Heike, a war chronicle from the Kamakura period (11851333). Kakisukashi: This is a three or four-note arpeggio with two strings in unison. Japanese Music and Musical Instruments. Biwa. The Traditional Music of Japan. This type of biwa is used for court music called gagaku (), which has been protected by the government until today. The stroking motion always starts from the 1st string, sequentially sweeping toward the others until it reaches the arpeggios last string. Few pieces for pipa survived from the early periods, some, however, are preserved in Japan as part of togaku (Tang music) tradition. biwa, Japanese short-necked lute, distinguished by its graceful, pear-shaped body. The biwa sounds as written, and it is tuned to an A-430Hz. 2.2 in. Table of Contents 1. The short neck of the Tang pipa also became more elongated. Another often-used technique is rubbing the long side of the bachi on the strings to get wind-like sounds. By the Ming dynasty, fingers replaced plectrum as the popular technique for playing pipa, although finger-playing techniques existed as early as Tang. Kaeshibachi: The performance of arpeggio with an up-ward motion of the plectrum, and it is always soft. [53] The introduction of pipa from Central Asia also brought with it virtuoso performers from that region, for example Sujiva (, Sujipo) from the Kingdom of Kucha during the Northern Zhou dynasty, Kang Kunlun () from Kangju, and Pei Luoer () from Shule. The scores were written in tablature form with no information on tuning given, there are therefore uncertainties in the reconstruction of the music as well as deciphering other symbols in the score. (88.9 30.8 29.2 cm) Classification: Chordophone-Lute-plucked-fretted Credit Line: Rogers Fund, 1968 Accession Number: 68.62.1 Signatures, Inscriptions, and Markings There are some confusions and disagreements about the origin of pipa. 1984. 20002023 The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Biwa - Stanford University Bodmin, Cornwall, Great Britain: MPG Books, pp. 2000. Another Chinese four-string plucked lute is the liuqin, which looks like a smaller version of the pipa. [2] Pear-shaped lutes have been depicted in Kusana sculptures from the 1st century AD. The peg box is angled about 90 degrees from the neck, and the back of the body is flat, unlike the western lute. Two basic types of wood are used to make stringed musical instruments: woods for soundboards (top plates) and those for frame boards (back and side plates). Although no longer as popular as it once was, several chikuzen biwa schools have survived to the present day in Japan and to a lesser extent in Japanese communities abroad (such as in Hawaii). Region: East Asia. General tones and pitches can fluctuate up or down entire steps or microtones. greatest width of plectrum [14], Biwa usage in Japan has declined greatly since the Heian period. Example 4 shows that the biwa's melodic pitch doubles the basic melodic tone on the downbeat of almost every measure, except in measure 4 where the melodic tone 'E' is supported with a 'D' in the biwa's part. There are 4-string and 5-string biwas, both with 5 frets, and the soundboard is made from soft paulownia wood. Depictions of the pear-shaped pipas appeared in abundance from the Southern and Northern dynasties onwards, and pipas from this time to the Tang dynasty were given various names, such as Hu pipa (), bent-neck pipa (, quxiang pipa), some of these terms however may refer to the same pipa. The most basic technique, tantiao (), involves just the index finger and thumb (tan is striking with the index finger, tiao with the thumb). Famous solo pieces now performed include: Most of the above are traditional compositions dating to the Qing dynasty or early 20th century, new pieces however are constantly being composed, and most of them follow a more Western structure. The biwas sound at the attack (top) at one second later (bottom). The open strings are shown in the first measures, and the pitches assigned the left-hand fingered notes in the following four measures. This singing style is complemented by the biwa, which biwa players use to produce short glissandi throughout the performance. As part of the Met's Open Access policy, you can freely copy, modify and distribute this image, even for commercial purposes. The encounter also inspired a poem by Yuan Zhen, Song of Pipa (). In gagaku, it is known as the gaku-biwa (). II, p. 30. 36 1/2 7 7/8 5 in. [21] The pipa underwent a number of changes over the centuries. CLASSIFICATION DIAGRAM OF WOOD A fundamental structure of string instruments in the Asia and Western is a box-sound hole structure [4,5] as seen in the harpsichord, guitar, violin, and biwa . [29], There are many references to pipa in Tang literary works, for example, in A Music Conservatory Miscellany Duan Anjie related many anecdotes associated with pipa. This is a type of biwa that wandering blind monks played for religious practice as well as in narrative musical performances during the medieval era, widely seen in the Kyushu area. The body is narrower and smaller than the other types of biwa. Painted panel of the sarcophagus of Y Hung, depicts one of the Persian or Sogdian figures playing pipa. The heike-biwa (), a biwa with four strings and five frets, is used to play The Tale of the Heike. The biwa's Chinese predecessor was the pipa (), which arrived in Japan in two forms;[further explanation needed] following its introduction to Japan, varieties of the biwa quadrupled. The strings on a biwa range in thickness, with the first string being thickest and the fourth string being thinnest; on chikuzen-biwa, the second string is the thickest, with the fourth and fifth strings being the same thickness on chikuzen- and satsuma-biwa. 1800 Geography: Japan Culture: Japanese Medium: Wood, mother-of-pearl and ivory Dimensions: 35 12 1/8 11 1/2 in. 89.4.2088. Beginning in the late 1960s, these musicians and composers began to incorporate Japanese music and Japanese instruments into their compositions; for example, one composer, Tru Takemitsu, collaborated with Western composers and compositions to include the distinctly Asian biwa. The design and construction of the 5-string Chikuzen biwa pictured in gallery #2 is basically the same as for the 4-string model described above except accommodations need to be made to the pegbox (detail #7) and bridge (detail #8) for the additional string. Typically, the three-note rhythm is either short-short-long or long-short-short. Biwa performers also vary the volume of their voice between barely audible to very loud. Yo-sen has 2 tones regarded as auxiliary tones. These works present a radical departure from the compositional languages usually employed for such an instrument. the fingers and thumb flick outward, unlike the guitar where the fingers and thumb normally pluck inward towards the palm of the hand. The biwa is a relative of Western lutes and guitars, as well as of the Chinese pipa. [11] The style of singing accompanying biwa tends to be nasal, particularly when singing vowels, the consonant , and syllables beginning with "g", such as ga () and gi (). greatest depth of resonator [24], In the subsequent periods, the number of frets gradually increased,[26] from around 10 to 14 or 16 during the Qing dynasty, then to 19, 24, 29, and 30 in the 20th century. Musical Instruments of East Asia Flashcards | Quizlet The horizontal playing position became the vertical (or near-vertical) position by the Qing dynasty, although in some regional genres such as nanguan the pipa is still held guitar fashion. Other early known players of pipa include General Xie Shang from the Jin dynasty who was described to have performed it with his leg raised. Instrument Information Origins. Played with a large wooden plectrum, the instrument has four or five strings of twisted silk stretched over four or more . Due to rights restrictions, this image cannot be enlarged, viewed at full screen, or downloaded. An apsara (feitian) playing pipa, using fingers with the pipa held in near upright position. Its size and construction influences the sound of the instrument as the curved body is often struck percussively with the plectrum during play. There are some types of traditional string instrument. Example 4 also shows the biwa's standard one-measure motive. The chikuzen-biwa was used by Buddhist monks visiting private residences to perform memorial services, not only for Buddhist rites, but also to accompany the telling of stories and news. [44] The first volume contains 13 pieces from the Northern school, the second and third volumes contain 54 pieces from the Southern school. Its purpose is to show in context how the biwa uses its various patterns to color some melodic tones. This website uses cookies to improve your experience. We continue to research and examine historical and cultural context for objects in The Met collection. Players from the Wang and Pudong schools were the most active in performance and recording during the 20th century, less active was the Pinghu school whose players include Fan Boyan (). [9] When singing in a chorus, biwa singers often stagger their entry and often sing through non-synchronized, heterophony accompaniment. During the Qing dynasty, apart from those of the various schools previously mentioned, there was Chen Zijing (), a student of Ju Shilin and known as a noted player during the late Qing dynasty. However, false nails made of horn existed as early as the Ming period when finger-picking became the popular technique for playing pipa.[24]. In Japan the loquat is known as biwa (, ) and has been grown for over . This instrument was also used many times as an accompanying instrument in larger ensembles. Male players typically play biwa that are slightly wider and/or longer than those used by women or children. The da and xiao categories refer to the size of the piece xiao pieces are small pieces normally containing only one section, while da pieces are large and usually contain multiple sections. [49] In Nanguan music, the pipa is still held in the near-horizontal position or guitar-fashion in the ancient manner instead of the vertical position normally used for solo playing in the present day. It always starts from the 4th string and stops on either the 3rd, 2nd, or 1st string depending if the arpeggio contains 2, 3, or 4 pitches, respectively. Hitting the body of the instrument: The plectrum is used to hit the black protective part on the front of the instrument. Liu Dehai (19372020), also born in Shanghai, was a student of Lin Shicheng and in 1961 graduated from the Central Conservatory of Music in Beijing. The biwa has a shallow, rounded back and silk strings (usually four or five) attached to slender lateral pegs. There is also evidence that other biwa instruments came from the Indian lute tradition. Through the next several centuries, players of both traditions intersected frequently and developed new music styles and new instruments. There were originally two major schools of pipa during the Qing dynastythe Northern (Zhili, ) and Southern (Zhejiang, ) schoolsand from these emerged the five main schools associated with the solo tradition. The nishiki-biwa (), a modern biwa with five strings and five frets, was popularised by the 20th-century biwa player and composer Suit Kinj (, 19111973). This music was cherished and protected by the authorities and particularly flourished in the 14th-15th centuries. The sanxian is made in several sizes. Biwa (Japanese instrument) - MIT Global Shakespeares 5.5 in. The strings are struck with a hand-held wooden plectrum. length They recorded the critically acclaimed CD "Eagle Seizing Swan" together. The phrase structure is of four measures of four beats, and each section is composed of two phrases. We'll assume you're ok with this, but you can opt-out if you wish. 36 in. Also, thanks to the possibility of relying on a level of virtuosity never before attempted in this specific repertory, the composer has sought the renewal of the acoustic and aesthetic profile of the biwa, bringing out the huge potential in the sound material: attacks and resonance, tempo (conceived not only in the chronometrical but also deliberately empathetical sense), chords, balance and dialogue (with the occasional use of two biwas in Nuove Musiche per Biwa), dynamics and colour.[4]. The traditional Satsuma-biwa has 4 strings and 4 frets (Sei-ha and Kinshin-ryu schools), and newer styles have 5 strings and 5 frets (Nishiki and Tsuruta-ryu schools).
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